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No. The grammar of Greek didn't get "worse". It's a meaningless prescriptivist statement, a form of moral conservatism that makes no sense when looking at facts. The facts are simple: has Modern Greek the same expressive power as Ancient Greek, i.e. can you say anything in Modern Greek that you could say in Ancient Greek? The answer is "yes". In fact, Modern Greek has even more expressive power than Ancient Greek, because it's a living language rather than a dead one, which means that if its speakers really do find a hole in expressiveness, they will automatically and unconsciously fill it with some construction (and that goes further than just lexicon. Grammar is also influenced that way). That's, by the way, true of any living language except those that are facing extinction (which do tend to degrade and lose expressiveness when their number of speakers dwindle below the 50 or so), and Greek at least is far from being endangered.
The state of Greek education during the centuries has nothing to do with it. A language with no official education system is no worse than a language with one. The lack of strong Greek education might have made the evolution of the Greek language faster, but that doesn't mean that it somehow degraded it. I mean, in what way is the Modern Greek future tense a degradation compared to the Ancient Greek future tense? It's easier to construct and recognise (so it's better communicated), and it makes an aspect distinction that the Ancient Greek future tense failed to make. In what way is that worse? Greek, with the years, has lost its dative case, but prepositions have taken its place. In what way is using a preposition worse than using a case ending? Are all languages that use prepositions worse than languages that use case endings? In that case English would be "worse" than Basque! And sure, during the years Greek has absorbed plenty of vocabulary from other languages, displacing sometimes perfectly good Greek equivalents. So what? In what way is a borrowing worse than an original word, if it does the job at communicating what the speaker wants to?
As for καθαρεύουσα, it's probably the worst thing that could ever happen to Greek. It was an artificial standard that utterly failed to come even in the neighbourhood of the ancient language it tried to emulate. It utterly divided Greek society between knows and know-nots, resulting in a setback in the Greek educational system that Greece has still not fully recovered from. It was a bad idea based on an ill-advised nationalism, that completely handicapped the country and prevented it to grow economically and socially by making high-level education available to only a precious few.
And I'm aware that plenty of people will disagree with me. But that's a fallacious argument, as truth isn't defined by the number of people who believe in it. The thing is, those people are objectively wrong (and by it I mean that they are scientifically provably wrong). Check out any description of descriptivism vs. prescriptivism to see what I mean.
The job of languages is to facilitate communication. And that's it. As much as we want to hang all kinds of mystical or nationalistic qualities to languages, they are just tools for communication. And unless you can actually scientifically prove that you absolutely cannot communicate in one language what you can easily communicate in another, you have no way to argue objectively that the first language is in any way or shape "worse" than the other. Any judgment of value will be a subjective one, to which I have a simple reply: De gustibus non est disputandum. There's no accounting for taste.
So if you prefer Ancient Greek to Modern Greek, that's your right. But admit that it's a subjective preference, and stop using terms like "degradation" which imply an objective loss of value, something that just isn't true. And don't try any argument by majority or by authority. 3 million subjective opinions don't make an objective one, and a subjective opinion doesn't become objective simply because it comes from an official governmental or religious body.
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